Los acúfenos de Miguel Ángel y su relación con la toxicología / Miguel Ángel's tinnitus and its relation to toxicology

Resumen El Plomo ha tenido una estrecha relación con el mundo artístico pictórico a través de los pigmentos utilizados por los artistas durante milenios. El íntimo contacto con sustancias químicas potencialmente peligrosas para la salud, casi siempre sin medidas de higiene y seguridad laboral, ha desarrollado en muchos casos, enfermedades laborales en estos artistas, a veces sospechadas y en otros casos, más que confirmadas. En el presente trabajo se analiza la historia de vida laboral de Miguel Angel Buonarroti, de quien se tiene registro suficiente como para establecer un nexo causal con exposición laboral al Plomo.

Abstract Lead has shown a close relationship with the fine arts'world through the pigments used by artists for thousand of years. Close contact with potentially dangerous chemical substances for health, almost always without occupational hygiene and safety measures, has produced, in many cases, occupational illnesses in these artists, sometimes suspected and in other cases, more than confirmed. In the present work, the history of Miguel Angel Buonarroti's working life is analyzed, since there is sufficient record to establish a causal link with occupational exposure to Lead.

Dolor abdominal como presentación por intoxicación por plomo: Caso clínico / Abdominal pain as a presentation by lead poisoning: Case report

La intoxicación aguda por plomo no es una patología que con frecuencia vemos en el consultorio de pediatría. Los síntomas por intoxicación por plomo pueden ser digestivos o neurológicos, y, muchas veces, se puede confundir con otras patologías. De ahí, la importancia de tener presente y pensar en esta patología y, ante la alta sospecha, pedir estudios complementarios que confirmen la intoxicación por plomo. Este es el caso de un niño de 9 años, que consulta por dolor abdominal agudo acompañado de vómitos. Luego de realizar un minucioso examen físico y una detallada anamnesis, se tiene una alta sospecha diagnóstica de intoxicación "aguda" por plomo, motivo por el cual se interna. Después de tomar una muestra venosa para confirmar el nivel de plomo, se realiza un tratamiento con quelante, bajo la supervisión de un especialista en toxicología.

Acute lead poisoning is not a common pathology seen in the pediatrician's office. Lead poisoning symptoms can be digestive or neurological, and they can be confused with other pathologies. That is the reason why it should be considered and, in case of doubt, complementary studies to confirm lead poisoning should be requested. This is the case of a nine-year-old child that comes to the office with a strong abdominal pain and vomiting, and after a close physical examination and a detailed anamnesis, a suspicious diagnosis of "acute" lead poisoning is obtained. Therefore, the infant is hospitalized, and after taking a venous sampling to confirm the lead level, a chelation therapy is performed under the toxicology expert's supervision.

Combination Therapy for the Cardiovascular Effects of Perinatal Lead Exposure in Young and Adult Rats / Alterações cardiovasculares da exposição perinatal ao chumbo em ratos jovens e adultos: papel da terapia combinada

Background: Combination therapy can play a significant role in the amelioration of several toxic effects of lead (Pb) and recovery from associated cardiovascular changes. Objective: To investigate the effects of combination therapy on the cardiovascular effects of perinatal lead exposure in young and adult rats Methods: Female Wistar rats received drinking water with or without 500 ppm of Pb during pregnancy and lactation. Twenty-two- and 70-day-old rat offspring who were or were not exposed to Pb in the perinatal period received meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), L-arginine, or enalapril and a combination of these compounds for 30 additional days. Noradrenaline response curves were plotted for intact and denuded aortas from 23-, 52-, 70-, and 100-day-old rats stratified by perinatal Pb exposure (exposed/unexposed) and treatment received (treated/untreated). Results: Systolic blood pressure was evaluated and shown to be higher in the 23-, 52-, 70-, and 100-day age groups with Pb exposure than in the corresponding control age groups: 117.8 ± 3.9*, 135.2 ± 1.3*, 139.6 ± 1.6*, and 131.7 ± 2.8*, respectively and 107.1 ± 1.8, 118.8 ± 2.1, 126.1 ± 1.1, and 120.5 ± 2.2, respectively (p < 0.05). Increased reactivity to noradrenaline was observed in intact, but not denuded, aortas from 52-, 70-, and 100-day-old exposed rats, and the maximum responses (g of tension) in the respective Pb-exposed and control age groups were as follows: 3.43 ± 0.16*, 4.32 ± 0.18*, and 4.21 ± 0.23*, respectively and 2.38 ± 0.33, 3.37 ± 0.13, and 3.22 ± 0.21, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: All treatments reversed the changes in vascular reactivity to noradrenaline in rats perinatally exposed to Pb. The combination therapy resulted in an earlier restoration of blood pressure in Pb-exposed rats compared with the monotherapies, except for enalapril therapy in young rats. These ...

Introdução: A terapia combinada parece desempenhar papel significativo em reduzir os efeitos cardiovasculares deletérios da exposição ao chumbo (Pb). Objetivo: Para investigar esta possibilidade, ratas Wistar receberam Pb (500 ppm na água de beber) ou água durante a prenhez e a lactação. Ratos com 22 e 70 dias, expostos perinatalmente ao Pb ou não, receberam DMSA, L- arginina, enalapril e a combinação destes por 30 dias adicionais. Métodos: Curvas concentração-efeito à noradrenalina foram obtidas em aortas intactas e desnudas, de ratos com 23, 52, 70 e 100 dias expostos ou não ao Pb, tratados ou não. Resultados: A pressão arterial sistólica caudal (mmHg) foi avaliada e mostrou-se aumentada em ratos expostos ao Pb [23, 52, 70 e 100 dias, respectivamente: controle 107,1±1,8, 118,8±2,1, 126,1±1,1, 120,5±2,2; Pb 117,8±3,9*, 135,2±1,3*, 139,6±1,6* e 131,7± 2,8*]. Observou-se aumento de reatividade à noradrenalina em aorta intacta, mas não desnudada, de ratos com 52, 70 e 100 dias expostos ao Pb [resposta máxima (g de tensão) 52 dias: Pb 3,43±0,16*, controle 2,38±0,33; 70 dias: Pb 4,32±0,18*, controle 3,37±0,13; 100 dias: Pb 4,21±0,23*, controle 3,22±0,21]. (*) p < 0,05 em relação ao respectivo controle. Conclusões: Todos os tratamentos restauraram as alterações de reatividade à noradrenalina em aortas de ratos expostos perinatalmente ao Pb. Exceto pelo enalapril em ratos jovens, a terapia combinada restaurou mais precocemente a pressão arterial de ratos expostos ao Pb em relação aos tratamentos isolados. Estes resultados representam uma nova abordagem no desenvolvimento de protocolos terapêuticos no tratamento da hipertensão induzida pela exposição ao Pb. .

Evaluation of serum lead levels in children with constipation and normal controls in Northern Iran

Constipation is a major debilitating problem in children. We aimed to assess the serum lead levels of 2-13 year-old children complaining from constipation who referred to our center in Guilan province, Northern Iran. This cross-sectional study was done on ninety 2-13 year-old children referring to 17[th] Shahrivar Hospital, complaining from constipation [case group] and 90 healthy children The demographic data as well as the children's serum lead levels were evaluated and recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Chi-square test was used as applicable. Lead poisoning was significantly more frequent in the case group [37.8%] compared with the control group [8.9%]. The frequency of lead poisoning in the case group compared with the control group, was significantly higher in children <7 years old [40.2% vs. 10%], boys [40.9% vs. 9.3%], girls [34.8% vs 8.3%], residents of old houses [43.1% vs. 9.7%], residents of new houses [28.1% vs. 8.5%], residents of low-traffic areas [26.8% vs. 5.3%], urban residents [40.5% vs. 9.9%], children whose fathers had low risk [33.3% vs. 10.9%] and high risk jobs [40.7% vs. 3.8%]. The frequency of lead poisoning was higher in children suffering from constipation .No significant difference was found between the two groups with respect to their sex, age, father's job, and living in urban or rural areas

Occupational lead poisoning in workers of traditional tile factories in Mashhad, northeast of Iran

Occupational lead poisoning is a health problem in Iran. It has not previously been studied in traditional tile makers. To determine the prevalence of lead poisoning and its complications in traditional tile workers in Mashhad, Northwest of Iran, We visited workers in two traditional tile factories and collected data by direct history taking and physical examination. Blood and urine lead concentrations were measured by heated graphite atomization technique. Overall, 108 men with mean +/- SD age of 37 +/- 7.8 years were studied. The mean +/- SD length of daily lead exposure was 9.8 +/- 6 years. The mean +/- SD blood lead concentration was 520.5 +/- 323, 2 M9/L. The main objective clinical findings were the presence of lead line [64.8%], peripheral neuropathy of the upper extremities [37%], depressed deep tendon reflexes in the upper extremities [25.7%], tremor [23.3%], peripheral neuropathy of the lower extremities [17%] and abdominal tenderness [15.1%]. The subjective findings were mainly attributed to the central nervous system and included loss of memory [57%], moodiness [56.1%], agitation [47.7%], drowsiness [36.4%] and headache [29.9%]. There was no statistically significant correlation between the blood lead concentration and glomerular filtration rate. However, there were significant correlations between the blood lead concentration and each of the urine lead concentration [p<0.001], diastolic blood pressure [p=0.04], serum triglyceride level [p=0.043], high density lipoprotein level [p=0.012], and basophilic stippling [p=0.048]. Blood lead level, however, did not have any significant correlation with the presence of lead line. In traditional tile workers, lead toxicity is not uncommon and the toxic effects of lead were found more often on the teeth [bone], central and peripheral nervous system, hematological and lipid profiles than on the renal function

Neurotoxicity and aggressiveness triggered by low-level lead in children: a review / Neurotoxicidad y agresividad desencadenadas por bajos niveles de plomo en niños: una revisión

Lead-induced neurotoxicity acquired by low-level long-term exposure has special relevance for children. A plethora of recent reports has demonstrated a direct link between low-level lead exposure and deficits in the neurobehavioral-cognitive performance manifested from childhood through adolescence. In many studies, aggressiveness and delinquency have also been suggested as symptoms of lead poisoning. Several environmental, occupational and domestic sources of contaminant lead and consequent health risks are largely identified and understood, but the occurrences of lead poisoning remain numerous. There is an urgent need for public health policies to prevent lead poisoning so as to reduce individual and societal damages and losses. In this paper we describe unsuspected sources of contaminant lead, discuss the economic losses and urban violence possibly associated with lead contamination and review the molecular basis of lead-induced neurotoxicity, emphasizing its effects on the social behavior, delinquency and IQ of children and adolescents.

La neurotoxicidad adquirida inducida por la exposición prolongada a bajos niveles de plomo tiene una importancia especial en los niños. Una plétora de publicaciones recientes ha demostrado el vínculo directo existente entre la exposición a bajos niveles de plomo y el déficit en el desempeño neuroconductual-cognitivo manifestado desde la infancia hasta el final de la adolescencia. En numerosos estudios, la agresividad y la delincuencia juvenil también se han considerado síntomas de la intoxicación por plomo. Se han identificado y explicado ampliamente varias fuentes ambientales, laborales y domésticas de contaminación por plomo y los riesgos resultantes para la salud, pero aún son numerosos los casos de intoxicación por plomo. Se necesitan urgentes políticas de salud pública para prevenir la intoxicación por plomo de manera de reducir los daños y las pérdidas, tanto individuales como para la sociedad. En este artículo se describen algunas fuentes no sospechadas de contaminación por plomo y se discuten las pérdidas económicas y la violencia urbana posiblemente asociada con este tipo de contaminación. Además, se hace una revisión de las bases moleculares de la neurotoxicidad inducida por plomo, con énfasis en sus efectos sobre el comportamiento social, la delincuencia juvenil y el coeficiente intelectual de los niños y los adolescentes.

[Serious lead poisoning in oral and inhaled opium abuser]

A 25 year old man who referred with abdominal pain, nausea and progressive vomiting since 2 months ago and 7kg weight loss from this time. Also he was complaining from generalized bone pain especially back pain and jaundice. The patient has a long time history of addiction with oral and inhalation form of narcotics. In physical exam pallorness and icter of mucosa was observed. In mouth examination bluish pigmentation seen at the gum-tooth line. Hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy was not detected. Upper GI endoscopy was normal. And in lab tests hepatic aminotransferases were increased but alkalin phosphatase was in normal range also indirect billirubin was increased too. CBC test non auto immune hemolytic anemia was deteded, and direct and indirect combs test was negative. BMB and BMA evaluation hyperplasia of erythroid was shown. The patient had a history of smoking and oral narcotics use from 6 years ago. According to all symptoms with clinical doubt of lead poisoning the very high level of lead in narcotic sample was reported and in blood analysis very high level of lead [350mg/dl] was detected. The patient was treated with Ca.EDTA and BAL with decreasing lead level and the symptoms were recovered. There are some reports Similar this case [due to oral narcotics contain Lead] in Iran

Intoxicación por plomo: una revisión con énfasis en la población pediátrica / Lead poisoning: a literature review focusing on the paediatric population

La Intoxicación por Plomo (“Saturnismo”) es una patología relativamente común originada por una exposición crónica al metal, ya sea por fuente ambiental, laboral o accidental. El cuadro clínico es variado, pudiendo incluir disminución en el nivel cognitivo, insomnio, irritabilidad, alucinaciones, anemia, debilidad, cólicos abdominales, náuseas y vómito. Diversos estudios han¿ relacionado la exposición crónica al Plomo en niños, incluso a niveles bajos, con una disminución de su coeficiente intelectual, lo cual genera una preocupación acerca de los actuales protocolos de vigilancia y promoción de la salud. El diagnóstico se basa principalmente en la medición del metal en distintos elementos del paciente, tales como cabello y uñas; otros exámenes de utilidad son las radiografías convencionales. El tratamiento se basa en la descontaminación del tracto gastrointestinal, medidas generales de soporte y el uso de terapia de quelación.

Lead Poisoning (“Saturnism”) is a relatively common entity caused by a chronic exposure to the said metal, be it by environmental, occupational or accidental source. The clinical picture may include a diminished cognitive status, insomnia, irritability, hallucinations, anaemia, peripheral weakness, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. A number of studies have found a relationship between early exposition to Lead, even in a low concentration fashion, and a latter decline in the Intellectual Quotient of pediatric patients; these findings have risen concern about current epidemiologic protocols. Diagnosis is based mainly on the measurement of the metal on different parts of the patient, including hair and fingernails. Treatment is based on gastrointestinal tract decontamination, basic support measures and chelation theraphy.

Caracterização das alterações de linguagem em crianças com histórico de intoxicação por chumbo / Characterization of language disorders in children with lead poisoning

TEMA: a intoxicação por chumbo pode causar deficiências neuropsicológicas, que incluem a linguagem, devido aos danos provocados no desenvolvimento do SNC. OBJETIVO: verificar a ocorrência de alterações de linguagem em crianças com histórico de intoxicação por chumbo e a correlação entre o índice de chumbo sangüíneo e as alterações de linguagem apresentadas pelas crianças. MÉTODO: avaliação da linguagem de 20 crianças em idade pré-escolar, com índice de chumbo sangüíneo acima de 10 µg/dl. RESULTADOS: 13 crianças apresentaram distúrbio de linguagem envolvendo somente a Fonologia ou mais de um subsistema lingüístico. A análise estatistica revelou não existir correlação entre a gravidade das alterações e os índices de chumbo apresentado. CONCLUSÃO: a ocorrência de crianças com distúrbio de linguagem aponta a contaminação por chumbo como um fator de risco para as alterações apresentadas, mesmo tendo sido encontrados outros fatores que levem à defasagem no desenvolvimento da linguagem e ausência de correlação entre as referidas variavéis.

BACKGROUND: lead poisoning can have a negative impact on the neuropsychological functions, including language, due to the damage it causes to the development of the Central Nervous System. AIM: to verify the occurrence of language disorders in children who suffered from led poisoning and to verify the correlation between the lead concentration level in the blood and the language disorders presented by the children. METHOD: language evaluation of 20 preschoolers, with lead concentration level in the blood above 10µg/dl. RESULTS: 13 children presented language impairment involving only phonology or more than one language subsystem. The statistical analysis indicated that no correlation exists between the severity of the language impairment and the concentration levels of lead. CONCLUSION: the number of children with language impairment indicates lead poisoning as a risk factor for the present alterations, even though other risk factors for language disorders were found and the absence of correlation between the investigated variables.

Plomo en sangre: estado nutricional y estratificacion socioeconómica, en niños de una comunidad de Valencia / Blood lead: nutritional state and socioeconomic status: in children of a community of Valencia

El plomo (Pb), un metal versátil, usado desde tiempos prehistóricos, se ha distribuido ampliamente en el medio ambiente convirtiéndose en un riesgo de exposición humana. El presente estudio Analítico–Ecológico. El muestreo fue el aleatorio simple; el tamaño de la muestra se calculó con una confiabilidad de 95 por ciento y un error máximo de de 10 por ciento, se seleccionaron 60 niños entre 4–9 años en el sector Michelena, municipio Valencia, en el 2004. El objetivo fue evaluar la relación entre los valores de Pb-S, el estado nutricional y la estratificación socioeconómica en un grupo de niños. Se midió Plomo en sangre, Hemoglobina, Hematocrito y se realizó la evaluación antropométrica. La media de Pb-S en varones (11,1 ± 3,1 μg/dL) fue significativamente superior p≤ 0.05 a la encontrada en las hembras (9,5 ± 2,7 μg/dL). La media de Plomo fue de 10,5±3 μg/dL, observándose el valor más alto no significativo en el estrato socioeconómico III (10,6 ± 2,9 μg/dL). Las hembras presentaron mayores porcentajes bajo la norma en el estado nutricional En el estrato socioeconómico IV se encontró el porcentaje mas alto de niños con estado nutricional bajo la norma se presentó. Los valores de Hemoglobina y Hematocrito estuvieron dentro de límites permisibles. El mayor porcentaje de la población estudiada presentó estado nutricional normal, con niveles de Plomo en sangre no críticos. Los niveles de Pb-S no constituyen un nivel alarmante “critico” de exposición. Se sugiere realizar actividades de prevención primaria para disminuir los niveles de Plomo en sangre observados en los niños.

Lead is a versatile metal used since prehistoric times and has been distributed widely in the environment becoming a risk factor for human exposure. The present analytical-ecological study was performed in a sample size with a confidence of 95% and a maximal error of 10%; 60 children between 4 and 9 years of age belonging to Michelena sector in Valencia District in 2004. The objective was to relate blood level values to nutritional and socioeconomic status. Blood levels, Hemoglobin and Hematocrit values were determined and nutritional evaluation was performed. Mean Blood Lead in boys (11.1 ± 3.1 μg/dL) was significantly higher in boys with regard to girlsat a p <- 0.05 than in girls (9.5 ± 2.7 μg/dL). Mean Blood Lead was 10.5 ± 3 μg/dL. Girls showed a higher % of low nutritional status. Also in stratum IV, the highest prevalence was found. Hemoglobin and Hematocrit values were inside permissible limits. and levels of Lead were found at a non-critical level. It is suggested that activities of primary prevention should be carried out to diminish the levels of Blood Lead observed in children.

Unusual cause of acute abdomen

Lead poisoning might be presented in different ways, and might cause a diagnostic dilemma for a treating surgeon, it is important to keep in mind adult lead poisoning as a rare cause, for a common complaint as acute abdomen. Three patients whom presented with acute abdominal pain, all were working in different facility that deals with lead and had a history of lead exposure; but they failed to reveal the true nature of their work [the first two were college student], and they had no idea of the possible relation of it with their illness. Clinical examination was helpful, and all were confirmed to have lead poisoning by blood lead level measuring. The 1st one underwent surgery [explorative laparotomy for provisional diagnosis of intestinal obstruction] as the diagnosis of lead poisoning was not made till two weeks after surgery; his illness was helpful in diagnosing the pathology for his brother illness [the second patient]. The 3[rd] one had true surgical acute abdomen [acute appendicitis] in addition to lead exposure. Eventually the three patients were notified and were referred to the poison consultation center [PCC]. They were advised to quit their job and were treated accordingly. Difficult economic circumstances may push people to work in unsafe facilities, with exposure to toxic materials; adult lead poisoning is a subtle chronic condition and might be presented as acute abdominal pain; it is important for the treating clinician to differentiate between surgical and non surgical causes of acute abdomen. These cases reveal the importance of careful evaluation of basic laboratory tests and of obtaining a detailed occupational history

Implementação da técnica de avaliação de aberrações cromossomiais e sua aplicação em indivíduos expostos a solventes e metais / Implementation of the technical evaluation of chromosome aberrations and its application in individuals exposed to solvents and metals

Durante as últimas décadas, biomarcadores citogenéticos em linfócitos de sangue periférico têm sido usados para avaliar a exposição ocupacional a agentes carcinogênicos ou mutagênicos. A preocupação sobre os efeitos dos agentes genotóxicos nas populações humanas expostas ocupacionalmente, acidentalmente ou por estilo de vida tem crescido. Alterações cromossomiais induzidas em linfócitos humanos são biomarcadores bem estabelecidos de exposição ocupacional e ambiental a agentes genotóxicos. Participaram do estudo trabalhadores de um Estaleiro e de um Laboratório de Análises Tóxicológicas onde foram analisadas alterações citogenéticas em linfócitos de sangue periféricos, bem como indicadores biológicos de exposição aos metais chumbo e manganês. Os indicadores de exposição ao chumbo apresentaram as seguintes alterações: diferença significativa entre os grupos estudados nos níveis dos indicadores ALA-U, Pb-S, correlação significativa entre por cento de recuperação da ALAD e Pb-S no grupo Estaleiro e 22,2 por cento dos trabalhadores deste grupo que apresentaram por cento de recuperação da ALAD acima do Índice Biológico Máximo indicando que o grupo Estaleiro apresenta exposição ocupacional ao chumbo. A exposição ao manganês deve ser mais bem estudada, pois embora os resultados da exposição não sejam conclusivos, os trabalhadores do grupo Estaleiro apresentam uma diferença perto da significância (p=0,075) dos níveis de Mn em sangue em relação ao outro grupo e apresentam uma alta freqüência de pneumonia ocupacional, uma das doenças causadas pela exposição ao manganês. A alta freqüência de aneuploidias no grupo Estaleiro indica risco de desenvolvimento de processos de carcinogenicidade neste grupo. Com relação ao grupo Laboratório, os resultados do presente estudo não evidenciam uma forte associação das alterações citogenéticas versus exposição. É fundamental que um maior número de trabalhadores sejam avaliados, mas é importante ressaltar a necessidade de um programa de prevenção da exposição profissional e um controle efetivo dos aspectos ambientais. A aneuploidia se correlacionou fortemente com as outras alterações citogenéticas demonstrando ser importante ferramenta na avaliação da genotoxicidade. Existe uma evidência da relação da exposição ao metal chumbo com o aparecimento da alteração citogenética SPC no grupo Estaleiro, pois foi encontrada uma correlação bastante significativa entre o indicador de exposição ao chumbo por cento de rec de ALAD e esta alteração citogenética. Os resultados dos testes X2 revelam que os trabalhadores avaliados neste estudo apresentam alterações citogenéticas diferentes do controle do estudo de Major, Jakab e Tompa, 1999, indicando que estão expostos ocupacionalmente a substâncias clastogênicas, em especial o grupo Estaleiro. Os indicadores genotóxicos podem não analisar de forma específica a exposição a substâncias químicas, mas estabelecem fortes associações com a exposição a estas, devendo ser incluídos como uma ferramenta independente na avaliação de risco toxicológico.

Acute lead poisoning associated with backyard lead smelting in Jamaica / Envenenamiento agudo con plomo asociado con la fundición casera de plomo en Jamaica

Long-term backyard smelting of lead in a district known as Mona Commons, Kingston, Jamaica, has produced lead burdens as high as 30 000 mg/kg in soils near to the smelter, and indoor dust loadings of 373 microg/f2 in the residents' home. The blood lead levels (BPb) of 107 children from the district were in the range 2.2-202 microg/dL. Fifty-nine per cent of these had BPb levels above 10 microg/dL and the population mean was an unacceptably high 25.1 microg/dL. The highest levels were observed for five siblings, two of whom presented with lead encephalopathy. This severe chronic exposure to lead was exacerbated by a significant history of pica, and chronic nutritional anaemia. Chelation therapy significantly reduced the BPb levels but due to lead storage in other organs, the values after several months were still higher than desirable. This study emphasizes the importance of reducing the exposure of children to lead.

Pain in abdomen--do not forget lead poisoning.

Lead toxicity has been recognized for thousands of years, and is still around. We encountered 11 patients with lead toxicity in the last two years. All patients had presented with diffuse pain in the abdomen, anemia and mild derangements of liver biochemistry. History of intake of indigenous or herbal medicine for diabetes mellitus or psychosexual disorders was present in eight patients. All of them had elevated blood lead levels. Abdominal pain responded promptly to treatment with chelating agents.

Unexpected presentations--four cases of lead poisoning.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation and response to treatment of four patients who presented with abdominal pain and were diagnosed to have lead poisoning. METHODS: After ruling out the more obvious causes of abdominal pain by barium studies, gastrointestinal endoscopies, and biochemical studies, blood lead levels were estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The patients were treated with oral d-penicillamine. RESULTS: The four patients had blood lead levels from 79 microg/dL to 365 microg/dL. All four of them showed marked improvement in their clinical condition and lowering of blood lead levels on follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians need to develop a high index of suspicion of lead poisoning as a possible cause of unexplained abdominal pain or altered sensorium, especially against a background of environmental lead contamination in India.

Anemia, deficiência de ferro e intoxicaçäo pelo chumbo em crianças de uma creche de Salvador, Bahia / Anemia, iron deficiency and lead poisoning in children from a nursey at Salvador, Bahia

Foi objetivo dessa pesquisa determinar os níveis de anemia, deficiência de ferro e chumbo no sangue de crianças de uma creche de Salvador, Bahia. Para isto, foram realizados dois estudos de prevalência em crianças de 2 a 39 meses, da creche, em 1993 (=106) e em 1995 (n=129). A anemia foi avaliada pelo microhematócrito e a deficiência de ferro, pela concentraçäo de zinco protoporfirina (ZPP) em sangue total. A concentraçäo de chumbo no sangue (PbS) foi determinada somente em 1995, por espectrofotometria de absorçäo atômica. De 1993 para 1995, a prevalência de anemia aumentou em 48,1 por cento para 82,2 por cento e a deficiência de ferro diminuiu de 67,0 por cento para 34,9 por cento. Nas 27 crianças presentes nos dois pontos do tempo, a anemia diminuiu de 70,4 por cento para 59,3 por cento no período e a deficiência de ferro, de 77,8 por cento para 7,4 por cento. O PbS médio estava elevado (10,7ñ7,9µg/dL); valores superiores a 20µg/dL foram encontrados em 11,6 por cento das 129 crianças. Os níveis de PbS näo estavam estatisticamente associados com os de microhematócrito nem com os de ZPP. Foram encontrados altos níveis de anemia, deficiência de ferro e de chumbo no sangue de crianças da creche. Outras etiologia, que näo deficiência de ferro ou entoxicaçäo pelo chumbo podem estar contribuindo para manter elevada a prevalência da anemia, ainda que de intensidade leve ou moderada.